Chapter 2: How the Inquiry developed its recommendations Ūpoko 2: Me pehea i oti ai ngā tūtohi o te Pakirehua

9. When the government finalised the Inquiry’s Terms of Reference in November 2018, its scope and mandate were broad.[2] The Inquiry was required to investigate the abuse and neglect of children, young people and adults in care between 1 January 1950 and 31 December 1999, with two key strands of work:

a. Strand 1: looking back (establishing what happened and why) – mapping the nature and extent of abuse and neglect in care, the impacts of that abuse, and the factors that caused or contributed to that abuse.
b. Strand 2: looking forward (ensuring that what occurred cannot happen again) – reviewing current systems for preventing and responding to abuse and neglect in care, testing whether these are fit for purpose, and identifying changes that need to be made.[3]

10. In November 2018, the Terms of Reference mandated the Inquiry to report and make recommendations on “any gaps and areas for future changes to current frameworks to prevent and respond to abuse in State and faith-based institutions, including oversight mechanisms”.[4]

11. In July 2021, the government changed this mandate.[5] A new cause (clause 15D) was added to the Terms of Reference to expressly prohibit the Inquiry from examining or making any findings about care settings and current frameworks, including current legislation, policy, rules, standards and practices. The government said this change was to avoid any delays to the Inquiry’s final report and because:

“Since the Royal Commission was established, there have been a number of reviews and investigations into contemporary State care issues, which have significant overlaps and risk duplication with the Royal Commission’s work.”[6]

12. At the same time, several other clauses were added to the Terms of Reference. Clause 32A was added to allow the Inquiry to make recommendations for future changes to ensure that the factors that allowed abuse and neglect to occur during the Inquiry period do not persist. Clauses 15A and 15B were also inserted to allow the Inquiry to consider issues and experiences after 1999 to inform any recommendations made under clause 32A. Clauses 15A and 15B allowed the Inquiry to hear from people who had been in care after 1999 or were currently in care.

13. The Inquiry’s final recommendations in this part therefore cover three categories, as mandated by the updated Terms of Reference:

a. changes to redress processes (under clause 32(b))
b. steps to address the harm of abuse in care (under clause 32(c))
c. for changes to be made in the future to ensure that the factors that allowed abuse to occur during the relevant period in State care and in faith-based institutions do not persist (clause 32A).[7]

14. The Inquiry’s final recommendations differ slightly from the draft recommendations submitted to the Minister of Internal Affairs, Hon Brooke van Velden, on 30 May 2024.[8] The draft recommendations were edited for conciseness and clarity, without altering the meaning of the recommendations. The Inquiry added a small number of new recommendations and removed a small number, which were subject to ongoing natural justice consideration at the time the draft recommendations were submitted.[9] The new recommendations are:

a. Recommendation 20 for the government and faith-based institutions to establish a fund for projects connected to community harm arising from the cumulative impact of abuse and neglect in care
b. Recommendation 21 to provide for whānau harm payments to whānau of survivors of abuse and neglect in care in recognition of the collective impacts of abuse and neglect
c. Recommendation 88 for the government to take all practicable steps to ensure the ongoing safety of children, young people and adults in care at Gloriavale Christian Community
d. Recommendation 101 for faith-based entities to revise their policies to reduce high barriers to disclosing abuse and neglect in their care
e. Recommendation 116 supported by Commissioners Erueti and Gibson recommending that the government establish an independent commissioning agency responsible for allocating funding to collectives and/or local communities to design and deliver all care and protection, youth justice, community mental health, disability and Whānau Ora supports and services.

Ngā mea i pā ki ngā purapura ora mai i te tau 1999
Survivors’ issues and experiences after 1999

15. Neurodivergent survivor Ihorangi Reweti Peters (Ngāti Tūwharetoa, Ngāti Tahu-Ngāti Whaoa, Ngāti Kahungunu) told the Inquiry that, in 2021 when he was aged 16, he had written to the Prime Minister asking for the Inquiry’s mandate not to be narrowed to exclude modern day settings. He pointed out the barriers experienced by people in care to making complaints to NZ Police, Oranga Tamariki, and the Historic Claims Unit at the Ministry of Social Development. He also said that:

“…the Royal Commission was an important pathway that young people have to share their experiences and provide recommendations to help stop this cycle of poverty, abuse and neglect.”[10]

16. Ihorangi and other rangatahi survivors of abuse and neglect in care formed Te Rōpū Kaitiaki mō ngā Teina e Haere Ake Nei after the change to the Inquiry’s Terms of Reference:

“Our rōpū…are made up of tangata whenua, Tauiwi, tangata whaikaha, migrants, gender diverse, rainbow rangatahi and parents ranging in age from 17 – 30 years old. We have diverse experiences of the care system. Some uplifted young, some left young, some uplifted later, some abandoned by the system too early and left to fend for ourselves. Some in parts of the system where we had no say or support, and some moved from pillar to post several times. We have been unstable, invisible, silenced, and powerless in the decisions made about us, our lives, and the lives of the people we care most about. We came together as a rōpū because, whilst the Inquiry process prescribes dates, implying a beginning and an end to abuse in care, many of us exist beyond these dates, and have been called to this kaupapa because abuse in care did not just magically stop in 1999.”[11]

17. The Inquiry heard from Te Rōpū Kaitiaki mō ngā Teina e Haere Ake Nei and other survivors about issues and experiences that occurred after 31 December 1999. The Inquiry used these to inform the recommendations made in Chapters 5–7 under clause 32A, which are to ensure that the factors that allowed abuse to occur during the Inquiry period do not persist.

18. This part includes nine survivor experience profiles – of Lily, Mr RA, Ms NT, Rovin Turnbull, Tupua Urlich, Skyler Quinn, Zion Pilgrim, Mr OB and Mr VT – to share their stories and highlight that these issues and experiences have continued since 1999 across multiple care settings. Chapters 5–7 also include quotes from survivors to illustrate the issues and experiences since 1999 that have informed the recommendations in those chapters.

Ngā rīpoata me ngā arotakenga pūnaha taurima mai i te tau 1999
Reviews and reports about care settings and frameworks after 1999

19. The Inquiry was explicitly prevented by clause 15D of its Terms of Reference from examining “current care settings and current frameworks to prevent and respond to abuse in care, including current legislation, policy, rules, standards, and practices”. This meant that, although the Inquiry heard about survivors’ issues and experiences after 1999, it was constrained by the Terms of Reference from examining the context of their experiences.

20. Chapters 5–7 explain where reviews or reports have made relevant observations about current care settings and frameworks. Some of these reviews and reports are independent, and some were commissioned by the State. Many of the reviews and reports make observations or reach conclusions that echo and support what survivors told the Inquiry about their issues and experiences after 1999.

21. The following table includes some of the reviews and reports on care settings and frameworks after 1999, noting the relevant care setting or group in care. The table also includes the dates of relevant statutes. The table is not exhaustive, but does highlight the number and frequency of reviews, reports and strategies over the last 25 years. This shows that many government agencies involved in the care system have been in a state of response, reactivity and near-constant change since 1999.

Ngā rīpoata me ngā arotakenga pūnaha taurima mai i te tau 1999
Reviews, reports and legislation relevant to care settings and frameworks after 1999

Name	Author	Date	Relevant care setting/s or groups
Public Health and Disability Act 2000	New Zealand Government	2000	Disability and mental health
Picking up the Pieces: Review of Special Education	Cathy Wylie	2000	Disability Education
Care and Protection is about Adult Behaviour	Ministerial Review of the Department of Child, Youth and Family Services	2000	Care and protection
Human Rights Amendment Act 2001	New Zealand Government	2001	All settings
New Zealand Disability Strategy: Making a world of difference	Ministry of Health	2001	Disability
Office of Disability Issues established	New Zealand Government	2002	Disability
Te Puāwaiwhero: Māori Mental Health National Strategy	Ministry of Health	2002	Mental health
Concluding Observations: New Zealand (Second Periodic Report)	United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child	2003	Children and young people
To Have an Ordinary Life	Donald Beasley Institute	2003	Disability
Intellectual Disability (Compulsory Care and Rehabilitation) Act 2003	New Zealand Government	2003	Disability
Children’s Commissioner Act 2003	New Zealand Government	2003	Children and young people
Pacific Models of Mental Health Service Delivery in New Zealand Project	Clinical Research and Resource Centre, Waitematā District Health Board	2004	Pacific Peoples Mental health
National Office for Professional Standards established	Catholic Church in Aotearoa New Zealand	2004	Catholic
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous People	Rodolfo Stavenhagen, Special Rapporteur, United Nations Human Rights Council	2006	Māori
United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities	United Nations General Assembly	2006 (in force 2008)	Disability and mental health Education
New Zealand Sign language becomes an official language of New Zealand through the Sign Language Act 2006	New Zealand Government	2006	All settings
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)	United Nations	2007	Māori
Inquiry into the quality of care and services provision for people with disabilities	Social Services Committee, New Zealand Parliament	2008	Disability
Improving Quality of care for Pacific Peoples: A paper for the Pacific Health and Disability Action Plan Review	Ministry of Health	2008	Pacific Peoples Disability and mental health
Pacific Peoples and Mental Health: A paper for the Pacific Health and Disability Action Plan Review	Ministry of Health	2008	Pacific Peoples Mental health
The Health of Pacific Children and Young People in New Zealand	Ministry of Health	2008	Pacific Peoples Children and young people
A Statement from the New Zealand Catholic Bishops Conference on the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples	Catholic Church in Aotearoa New Zealand	2008	Catholic
Aotearoa New Zealand ratifies United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities	New Zealand Government	2008	Disability and mental health Education
Te Puāwaiwhero: The Second Māori Mental Health and Addiction National Strategic Framework 2008–2015	Ministry of Health	2008	Māori Mental Health
New Zealand Statement of Support for United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)	New Zealand Government	2010	Māori
O Au O Matua Fanau: Our Children are our Treasures, Child, Youth and Family Pacific Action Plan	Child, Youth and Family	2010	Care and protection and youth justice
Faiva Ora National Pasifika Disability Plan 2010–2013	Ministry of Health	2010	Disability
Including Students with High Needs	Education Review Office	2010	Disability Education
First New Zealand report on implementing the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities	New Zealand Government	2011	Disability
Enabling Good Lives (EGL) vision and principles developed	Disability community	2011	Disability
Green Paper for Vulnerable Children: Every child thrives, belongs, achieves	Expert Advisory Group	2012	Children and young people
The White Paper for Vulnerable Children	New Zealand Government	2012	Children and young people
Children’s Action Plan	New Zealand Government	2012	Children and young people
A Review of the Child, Youth and Family Complaints Resolution Policy and Procedure: Recommendations on how Child, Youth and Family can take a Child-Centred Approach to Complaints Resolution	Office of the Children’s Commissioner	2012	Children and young people
Effective Complaint Handling	The Ombudsman	2012	All settings
Making Disability Rights Real	Independent Monitoring Mechanism of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities	2012	Disability
The Hidden Abuse of Disabled People Residing in the Community: An exploratory study	Dr Michael Roguski	2013	Disability
Putting People First: A Review of Disability Support Services Performance and Quality Management Processes for Purchased Provider Services	K Van Eden and Ministry of Health	2013	Disability
’Ala Mo’ui: Pathways to Pacific Health and Wellbeing 2014–2018	Ministry of Health	2014	Pacific Peoples Disability and mental health
Children’s Act 2014 (previously called Vulnerable Children Act)	New Zealand Government	2014	Children and young people in all settings
Te Korowai Oranga: Māori Health Strategy	Ministry of Health	2014	Māori Disability and mental health
Disability Support Services Strategic Plan 2014–2018	Ministry of Health	2014	Disability
Concluding Observations on the initial periodic report of New Zealand’s progress on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities	Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities	2014	Disability
Expert Panel Final Report: Investing in New Zealand’s Children and their Families	Modernising Child, Youth and Family Expert Panel	2015	Children and young people
Review of Police Custodial Management	Independent Police Conduct Authority	2015	Transitional and law enforcement
He Whakaaro Here Whakaumu Mō Aotearoa	Matike Mai Aotearoa Independent Working Group on Constitutional Transformation	2016	Māori
New Zealand Disability Strategy 2016–2025	Ministry of Health	2016	Disability
Faiva Ora National Pasifika Disability Plan 2016–2021	Ministry of Health	2016	Pacific peoples Disability
Youth Justice Secure Residences: A report on the international evidence to guide best practice and service delivery	Ian Lambie and Ministry of Social Development	2016	Youth justice
Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of New Zealand	United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child	2016	Children and young people
The Christian Church Community Trust (Gloriavale): Charities Services Investigation	Charities Services, Department of Internal Affairs	2017	Gloriavale
Children, Young Persons, and Their Families (Oranga Tamariki) Legislation Act 2017	New Zealand Government	2017	Social welfare
Investigation into Ruru School seclusion complaint	The Ombudsman	2017	Disability Education
Final Report	United Kingdom Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse	2017	Children and young people
National Safeguarding Guidelines: Guidelines for the prevention of and response to sexual abuse in the Catholic Church in Aotearoa New Zealand	Catholic Church in Aotearoa New Zealand	2017	Catholic
Thinking outside the box? A review of seclusion and restraint practices in New Zealand	Dr Sharon Shalev and Te Kāhui Tika Tangata Human Rights Commission	2017	Disability and mental health Care and protection and youth justice Police custody
A decade of change 2007–2017: Implementing the Recommendations from the Commission of Inquiry into Police Conduct	NZ Police	2017	Transitional and law enforcement
Principles of the MCNZ Resolution and Redress Process for dealing with claims of abuse of children in Methodist care	The Methodist Church of New Zealand Te Hāhi Weteriana o Aotearoa	2018	Methodist
State of Care 2018: Maiea te Tūruapō – Fulfilling the Vision	Office of the Children’s Commissioner	2018	Care and protection and youth justice
Feedback and Complaints Systems: A Rapid Review	Oranga Tamariki	2018	Care and protection and youth justice
He Ara Oranga: Report of the Government Inquiry into Mental Health and Addiction	Government Inquiry into Mental Health and Addiction	2018	Mental health
Mental Health Inquiry Pacific Report	Government Inquiry into Mental Health and Addiction	2018	Pacific peoples Mental health
Whāia Te Ao Mārama 2018 to 2022: The Māori Disability Action Plan	Ministry of Health	2018	Tāngata whaikaha
He Puapua: Report of the working group on a plan to realise the UN declaration on the rights of indigenous people in Aotearoa/New Zealand	Technical Working Group	2019	Māori
Hauora: Report on Stage One of the Health Services and Outcomes Kaupapa Inquiry	Waitangi Tribunal	2019	Māori Disability and mental health
What Makes a Good Life? Children and young people’s views on wellbeing	Oranga Tamariki and Office of the Children’s Commissioner	2019	Care and protection and youth justice
Te Korowai Ture ā-Whānau: The final report of the Independent Panel examining the 2014 family justice reforms	Independent Review Panel	2019	Care and protection and youth justice
Disability Action Plan 2019–2023	Office of Disability Issues	2019	Disability
New section 7AA (Duties of chief executive in relation to Treaty of Waitangi) inserted into the Oranga Tamariki Act 1989	New Zealand Government	2019	Care and protection and youth justice
Child Wellbeing Strategy	Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet	2019	Children and young people
Zero seclusion: Safety and dignity for all	Te Tāhū Hauora Health Quality & Safety Commission	2019	Mental health
Jehovah’s Witness’ Scripturally Based Position on Child Protection	Jehovah’s Witnesses	2020	Jehovah’s Witnesses
He Take Kōhukihuki – A matter of urgency: Investigation Report into policies, practices and procedures for the removal of newborn pēpi by Oranga Tamariki, Ministry for Children	The Ombudsman	2020	Care and protection
Te Kuku O Te Manawa Moe ararā: Haumanutia ngā moemoeā a ngā tūpuna mō te oranga o ngā tamariki: A review of what needs to change to enable pēpi Māori aged 0–3 months to remain in the care of their whānau in situations where Oranga Tamariki Ministry for Children is notified of care and protection concerns	Office of the Children’s Commissioner	2020	Care and protection
Education and Training Act 2020	New Zealand Government	2020	Education
Health and Disability System Review, Final Report Pūrongo Whakamutunga	Health and Disability System Review Expert Panel	2020	Disability and mental health
Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture (OPCAT) report on an unannounced follow up inspection of Wards 34, 35 and 36, Waikato Hospital	The Ombudsman	2020	Mental health
Seclusion and Restraint: Time for a Paradigm Shift	Dr Sharon Shalev and Te Kāhui Tika Tangata Human Rights Commission	2020	Disability and mental health Care and protection and youth justice Transitional and law enforcement
Off the Record: An investigation into the Ministry of Health’s collection, use, and reporting of information about the deaths of people with intellectual disabilities	The Ombudsman	2020	Disability
Whakamaua: Māori Health Action Plan 2020–2025	Ministry of Health	2020	Māori Mental health
Ko Te Wā Whakawhiti, It’s Time For Change: A Māori Inquiry into Oranga Tamariki – Report	Whānau Ora Commissioning Agency	2020	Māori
Changes to Title D Canons (standards for conduct)	Anglican Church in Aotearoa New Zealand and Polynesia	2020	Anglican
Hipokingia ki te Kahu Aroha Hipokingia ki te Katoa: The initial report of the Oranga Tamariki Ministerial Advisory Board	Ministerial Advisory Board	2021	Care and protection and youth justice
Te Kahu Aroha: addendum report on quality support and service outcomes for tamariki and rangatahi whaikaha, their whānau, parents and caregivers	Ministerial Advisory Board	2021	Disability Care and protection
Review of provision of care in Oranga Tamariki residences	Ministerial Advisory Board	2021	Care and protection and youth justice
Te Oranga Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture Monitoring Report	Office of the Children’s Commissioner	2021	Care and protection
He Pā Harakeke, He Rito Whakakīkīnga Whāruarua: Oranga Tamariki Urgent Inquiry (Wai 2915 report)	Waitangi Tribunal	2021	Care and protection and youth justice
Future Direction Action Plan	Oranga Tamariki	2021	Care and protection and youth justice
Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture (OPCAT) report on an unannounced inspection of Te Whare Ahuru Mental Health Inpatient Unit, Hutt Hospital	The Ombudsman	2021	Mental health
Supporting Aotearoa’s Rainbow People: A Practical Guide for Mental Health Professionals	Inside Out	2021	Takatāpui, Rainbow and MVPFAFF+ Mental health
Just Sayin’ survey: Understanding the transition needs of rainbow young people	Malatest International	2021	Takatāpui, Rainbow and MVPFAFF+ Care and protection and youth justice
Learning in residential care: they knew I wanted to learn	Education Review Office	2021	Care and protection and youth justice Education
Whakamahia te tūkino kore ināianei, ā muri nei – Acting now for a violence and abuse free future: violence and abuse of disabled people in Aotearoa New Zealand evidence and recommendations	Te Kāhui Tika Tangata Human Rights Commission	2021	Disability
Whaikaha Ministry for Disabled People established	New Zealand Government	2022	Disability
Conversion Practices Prohibition Act 2022	New Zealand Government	2022	Takatāpui, Rainbow and MVPFAFF+
Nōku Te Ao: Sovereignty of the Māori Mind	Te Whatu Ora	2022	Māori Mental health
Talanoa Mai Tamaiki: The voices of Pacific children and young people	Oranga Tamariki	2022	Pacific Peoples Care and protection and youth justice
Ola manuia mo alo ma fanau Pasefika	Oranga Tamariki	2022	Pacific Peoples Care and protection and youth justice
Concluding observations on the combined second and third periodic reports of New Zealand	United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities	2022	Disability and mental health
Pae Ora (Healthy Futures) Act 2022	New Zealand Government	2022	Disability and mental health
Epuni Residence Visit: Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture (OPCAT) Monitoring Report	Office of the Children’s Commissioner	2022	Care and protection
Thriving at School? Education for Disabled Learners in Schools	Education Review Office	2022	Disability Education
Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture (OPCAT) Report on announced inspection of Pōhutakawa Forensic Intellectual Disability Unit, Mason Clinic	The Ombudsman	2022	Disability
Disability Rights: How is New Zealand doing? An update report about the state of disability rights in New Zealand	Disabled People’s Organisations Coalition, the Ombudsman and Te Kāhui Tika Tangata Human Rights Commission	2022	Disability
Guidelines on deinstitutionalization, including in emergencies	United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities	2022	Disability and mental health Education
Te whare Tuhua, Te Whare Matariki – Community Remand Homes Visit: Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture (OPCAT) Monitoring Report	Office of the Children’s Commissioner	2022	Youth justice
The New Zealand Children’s Commissioner’s report to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child	Office of the Children’s Commissioner	2022	Children and young people
Highest Needs Review: What matters to stakeholders	New Zealand Council for Educational Research	2022	Disability Education
Special Review Report – Wesley College	Education Review Office	2023	Education
An Independent Inquiry into abuse at Dilworth School	Dame Silvia Cartwright	2023	Dilworth School
Physical restraint and de-escalation: Best international practice as applicable to secure youth justice residences – Summary report	Oranga Tamariki	2023	Youth justice
Pae Tū: Haora Māori Strategy	Ministry of Health and Te Aka Whai Ora Māori Health Authority	2023	Māori Disability and mental health
Te Mana Ola: The Pacific Health Strategy	Ministry of Health	2023	Pacific peoples Disability and mental health
Kia Manawanui Aotearoa: long term pathway to mental wellbeing	Ministry of Health	2023	Mental health
Guidelines for Reducing and Eliminating Seclusion and Restraint Under the Mental Health (Compulsory Assessment and Treatment) Act 1992	Ministry of Health	2023	Mental health
Te Puna Wai ō Tuhinapo youth justice residence visit: Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture (OPCAT) monitoring follow up report	Office of the Children’s Commissioner	2023	Youth justice
Safety of Children in Care Annual Report July 2022 to June 2023	Oranga Tamariki	2023	Care and protection and youth justice
Final Report	Australian Royal Commission into Violence, Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation of People with Disability	2023	Disability
Making Ourselves Visible: The Experiences of Takatāpui and Rainbow Rangatahi in Care	Point and Associates and the Community Design Team	2023	Children and young people
Oranga Tamariki Secure Residences & A Sample of Community Homes: Independent, External Rapid Review	Debbie Francis and Paul Vlaanderen	2023	Care and protection and youth justice
Experiences of Care in Aotearoa: Agency Compliance with the National Care Standards and Related Matters Regulations 1 July 2022 – 30 June 2023	Independent Children’s Monitor	2024	Children and young people
Without racism Aotearoa would be better	Mana Mokopuna – Children and Young People’s Commission	2024	Care settings with children and young people

Footnotes

[2] Royal Commission of Inquiry into Historical Abuse in State Care and in the Care of Faith-based Institutions Order 2018 (LI 2018/223).

[3] Royal Commission of Inquiry into Historical Abuse in State Care and in the Care of Faith-based Institutions Order 2018 (LI 2018/223), clauses 26–26.2.

[4] Royal Commission of Inquiry into Historical Abuse in State Care and in the Care of Faith-based Institutions Order 2018 (LI 2018/223), clause 32(a).

[5] Royal Commission of Inquiry into Historical Abuse in State Care and in the Care of Faith-based Institutions Amendment Order 2021 (LI 2021/179).

[6] Media release, Hon Jan Tinetti, Minister of Internal Affairs, Royal Commission into Historical Abuse scope adjusted to avoid timeline delay (23 April 2021), https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/royal-commission-historical-abuse-scope-adjusted-avoid-timeline-delay.

[7] Royal Commission of Inquiry into Historical Abuse in State Care and in the Care of Faith-based Institutions, Terms of Reference, clauses 32(b), 32(c) and 32A.

[8] Royal Commission of Inquiry into Historical Abuse in State Care and in the Care of Faith-based Institutions, Terms of Reference, clause 32B.

[9] Royal Commission of Inquiry into Historical Abuse in State Care and in the Care of Faith-based Institutions, Terms of Reference, clause 39A.

[10] Witness statement of Ihorangi Reweti Peters (18 January 2022, para 60).

[11] Te Rōpū Kaitiaki mō ngā Teina e Haere Ake Nei, Korowai Aroha: Position Statement and Key Asks (2023).